Showing posts with label Carnegie Hero Fund. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Carnegie Hero Fund. Show all posts

Friday, December 24, 2021

HAVE PEN, WILL TRAVEL: PART ONE

Memoirs of a Freelance Journalist

Is it a business, or are you just unemployed?

"What do you know about the Mexican re-insurance market?"

It was the middle of September, 1993, and I heard that question as soon as I picked up my ringing office telephone even before I could announce, “Hello.” I recognized the voice of Mike Berman, an editor in New York with the daily business newspaper The Journal of Commerce. I laughed.

“How much and when is my deadline?” I answered his question with two questions of my own.

“Next Friday, 750 words and $300,” said Mike, an editor of few words borne from years of dealing with me. Despite our comfortable relationship, I had never met him in person, and I never would.

“So, what do I know about Mexico’s reinsurance market?” I continued. “Well, by Wednesday I will be expert enough to deliver your story a day before my deadline on Thursday.”

“I’ll put your contract in the mail,” said Mike. Then he hung up.

I found a blank page in a yellow legal pad and scribbled the subject at the top: “Mexican Reinsurance Market.” Below that line, I started listing potential general sources like “insurance associations” and “large corporate insurance companies.” Then I found another blank page and started writing questions. My first question: “What is reinsurance?” Then, “What is the size of the Mexican market today?” Then, “Why is the Mexican market of interest to anyone outside Mexico?” And on and on, I listed questions that I would need to ask of sources whenever I might find them.

Then, I used a paper clip to fasten those two legal pad pages together and placed them atop a stack of similarly fastened pages, each one representing a different pending story assignment from several different magazines or newspapers. I needed to maintain a list of written questions on each assignment because I never knew when a source I had contacted might return my call. I easily could be confused about the reason I had called in the first place when receiving a call the day after placing it. But I could always pull my question list from the stack, and it would appear this story was the only one in my life.

I knew I would find sources to talk, and I knew I would answer the questions. I knew I would write 750 words on this subject—even though the first question on my list betrayed my current level of ignorance on this subject: “What is reinsurance?” Both I and Mike Berman knew my ignorance of any peculiar subject would make no difference to the ultimate result.

Mike received my story on time. I received a $300 check from the JOC before the end of September. And, on October 21, 1993, my masterpiece appeared at the top of a section


page in that day’s
JOC beneath the headline “US Firms Poised to Lead Rush Into Mexico Insurance Market” with my byline identifying the article as “Special to The Journal of Commerce.”

That article should be totally forgettable on its own. For me, however, I’ve often cited the episode as a good example of my life and career as a freelance journalist between 1980 and 1997—before the Internet changed everything about the business of freelance writing.

The $300 fee was part of $11,989 I collected in 1993 from the JOC, which contributed 20 percent of my total income for that year: $60,603 before expenses (worth about $116,000 in 2021). The JOC finished second to The National Law Journal, which topped my list at $15,443 for 26 percent. Third place went to Money magazine, adding $9,860 for 16 percent. Fourth was $5,172 or 9 percent from The Explorer, a monthly newspaper for the international oil industry published by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). The rest of my 1993 income was divided among payments from thirteen different sources for smaller amounts.

My records show 1993 as the highest earning single year for my freelance career, which generated a total of $672,618 in payments between 1980 and 1995. But 1994 came close behind with $59,577. Of course, after deducting business expenses, my total net for those years figured out to just $377,661. Nevertheless, those amounts proved sufficient for me to support myself and my two young daughters while working from home.

Not that many people believed me. Introducing myself as a freelance writer in bars during that period usually triggered a snicker and a knowing glance. Reading minds, I knew they were thinking: “Drug dealer. How else can he make a living?”

Or, try explaining your freelance journalist job to a seven-year-old daughter when she asks, “What do you do?” Because she often watched TV detective shows with me, I tried to compare myself to Jim Rockford of The Rockford Files because Jim worked from home for a variety of clients performing unexplainable tasks. But that left her disappointed.

“Rockford? Why can’t you be Magnum? He has a better car.” Now that she’s in her forties, she probably still has no clear idea about what I did all those years or how I created a freelance journalism business I was able to sell in 1996 when I decided to return to a regular corporate job with health insurance benefits and more reasonable hours.

Over the years, I’ve also fielded numerous requests from other journalists for an explanation of the so-called business model that allowed me to live the glamorous life of a freelancer in the 1980s and 1990s while they slaved away in their cubicles taking abuse from their editors in the corporate environment. They also have enjoyed some of the side stories about my freelancing life, like the time I sued a Houston magazine editor in small claims court for overdue fees and had him served at his home during his Christmas party.

They also laugh when I compare myself with a prostitute, noting that a freelancer should never take himself more seriously than that. Think of Mike Berman with the Mexican reinsurance assignment. He didn’t want foreplay or chitchat. I provided a service worth $300, and the only reason he would ever call back would be to complain. If the phone rings after submitting a story, it’s almost a certainty the editor is not calling to congratulate you on sharing another masterpiece.

That’s not to say I failed to develop lasting relationships with many of my editors or their publications. The National Law Journal and Money, for example, brought me to New York on several occasions for their respective holiday parties in December because they considered me “family.” Fundamentally, however, I’ve advised freelancer wannabes to quickly accept their role as a journalism prostitute and lower expectations about congratulatory slaps on the back.

Since my financial numbers should clearly qualify me as one of the most successful freelance journalists of that pre-Internet period, I wanted to record my adventures as one in a post on this blog. Maybe it will interest no one besides other journalists. And, I’m sure my daughter will continue to wish I’d been closer to Magnum than Rockford. But at least this five-part post will provide an entertaining review of a vanishing breed while perhaps providing some fundamental truths about self-employment applicable to any kind of business—such as: Make each client feel like he is the only one you have.

Before I became one in August of 1980, I never considered freelance writing as a realistic goal. In fact, while working as a newspaper reporter from 1969 until August of 1980, I often joked that the title “freelance writer” was just a synonym for “unemployed.” People who introduced themselves as such were often just working up the courage to ask me for help in getting a real job. Even with the perspective of time, I don’t believe now that many people can survive as freelancers for a variety of reasons beyond their ability to research and write. Had Mike Berman visited me back in 1980 to predict I would still be supporting my family as a freelancer more than 15 years into the future, I would have dismissed him as a fantastical dream produced more likely by having eaten too much pizza than a time machine.

My introduction to freelancing came so haphazardly that I often mused to myself, “I can’t imagine I’ll still be surviving like this a year from now.” Thus, I lived for the next 16 years in abject terror of awakening one morning with no assignment from anyone and no money left in the bank. But that day never occurred.

That terror began in the midst of a family crisis so serious that overnight I became a single parent with custody of my two daughters, aged 5 and 2. I’ve described these events in my 2009 memoir, Luggage by Krogerso I won’t repeat them here. They are a better story for another day.

For purposes of this post, however, I mention them only in marking the first turning point in my journalism career, which divides equally into three phases: newspaper reporter from 1969-1980, freelancer from 1980-1997 and trade press reporter from 1997-2012.

Suddenly facing the prospect of single parenthood in 1980, I realized I also needed to make some lifestyle changes I thought would benefit my daughters. Their mother was locked in a mental hospital following an emotional breakdown, and they had no one but me. I immediately quit my job as a newspaper reporter for The Houston Post without any idea how I would make a living in the future. But I realized I needed to focus on my daughters and recognized my unstable work schedule as too much of a distraction for rearranging my life.

Besides, I did have some money in a savings account left from sale of my house earlier that year following my divorce. And I really needed time off to take emotional stock of everything that had happened. In hindsight, I’ve often thought I could have made it work, juggling my newspaper job with single parenthood. If I had tried, money never would have been an issue. But my life would have been so different. In retrospect, I’m glad the way things unfolded in the years ahead.

So, there I sat terrified in my rented two-bedroom apartment near Houston’s Astrodome complex, worrying about my daughters and wondering how long my savings account could last. I realized I needed to project an aura of absolute confidence for their sake. I packed my fear away in the back of my head and got busy creating a new life based on the strengths I discovered buried in my resume. 

My oldest, Erin, was just starting a public school kindergarten program for advanced children, traveling by bus each day across town. But my youngest, Shannon, was still in


a Montessori pre-school costing me about $240 per month. The good news: She no longer needed diapers. Despite the cost of Shannon's school, I was determined to keep things as stable for them as possible. And I definitely needed my daytime clear to look for some sort of paying job.

To help generate income while searching for a new line of employment, I managed to land a part-time job as a lunch waiter at a Houston seafood restaurant. I could spend my mornings with the classified ads, work a shift for anywhere from $50 to $100 in tips, and return home in time to greet Erin’s bus after retrieving Shannon from Montessori. For a couple of weeks, I even found the waiter job somewhat therapeutic while I pondered a new career path for my particular set of skills, as the actor Liam Neeson might say.

Located near the headquarters for the Houston Oilers professional football team, the restaurant often attracted celebrity clientele. I served lunch to future Hall of Famer Earl Campbell one day—he left no tip. Most interesting, however, were visits from the team’s cheerleading squad, the Derrick Dolls, who always tipped well. Those “lunch breaks” provided me with pocket change and time to examine my possibilities.

I quickly realized those possibilities might actually lead back to some kind of writing. I could be a walking cliché—the unemployed writer who earns a living as a waiter. But I discovered options while reviewing the newspaper’s classified ads under “Help Wanted” and recoiled in shock to see a section under “writers.” I thought, “The paper actually has enough advertisers looking for writers that it can provide a separate section for them?” Drafting an inventory of my professional experience, that section seemed right up my alley.

Of course, I believed I eventually could seek employment in public relations for any of Houston’s collection of large companies. I had colleagues who had left the newspaper world for higher pay in that field. Since I had little interest in writing spin for the corporate world, however, I decided instead to explore this new underground world I had discovered near the end of the alphabetical listings in the classifieds.

Immediately, I mailed resumes to three of those ads. And just as quickly, I received invitations to interview. Always intriguing, want-ads for writers offered spotty details. All three of these sought a writer for certain large but unspecified projects. And all of them led to a paycheck.

My first stop came at a small office in an old house in Houston’s Montrose neighborhood where I found the headquarters of a small graphics business named Ampersand Inc. Operated by a pair of women, Ampersand had succeeded as a small art shop for outsourcing pamphlet production for some of Houston’s larger corporations. The female entrepreneurs had invested in an early computerized printing system for producing everything from annual reports to marketing brochures for corporations eager to cut costs by outsourcing those tasks. Until then, the ladies had done none of the writing. Corporate information officers would write their own copy and deliver the manuscripts to Ampersand for layout and publication, adding photos and drawings as needed. Ampersand made a lot of money. But these ladies harbored larger ambitions, as they explained in my first interview. They wanted to publish journalistic magazines.

“When we received your resume, we became ecstatic,” said Joyce, who supervised the business side of Ampersand’s operations. Before Ampersand, Joyce had worked as a reporter for The Houston Chronicle.

This comment during my first freelance interview would always stick in my mind in the years to come as proof I had underestimated both my background and my value in the freelance marketplace—which I also had underestimated as a legitimate field of work. After all, I had researched and written thousands of articles in the past twelve years, someone had paid me to do it and obviously, according to Joyce, I had few competitors now offering that service for hire. Have Pen, Will Travel? I mused, recalling one of my favorite old television shows from the 1950s about a gunslinger with business cards that read “Have Gun, Will Travel.” Suddenly, this freelancing racket seemed cooler than I had imagined, and the primitive elements of a business model began to take shape in the back of my mind.

But the interview got even better. Once I explained that I had left The Houston Post to provide more time for my daughters, Joyce spotted the seeds of a successful symbiotic business relationship destined to last at least for another eighteen months. She needed an editor who could launch two magazines into production. She offered me $1,500 per month (equivalent to about $4,500 per month in 2021) and office space upstairs at Ampersand without any required hours. As long as I completed the deadlines on their dream magazine projects, she said, I could come and go as I pleased. And she promised to help facilitate my blossoming freelance career by allowing me to use Ampersand phones and equipment for other projects unrelated to its magazines.

And the magazines? I suppressed a chuckle when Joyce shared their ideas. But I still knew I could produce and edit copy for them. At this stage, they had successfully published each title on an experimental basis as small monthly tabloid newspapers, buying some articles wherever possible with Joyce multi-tasking as an editor. Southwest Racquetball had been launched as a paper to promote the Houston racquetball clubs just taking hold in the city. And the Ampersand brain trust envisioned Houston HomeTrade Journal as a publication that would attract readers in the fast-growing gentrification remodeling marketplace reclaiming the city’s older residential communities. At first glance, these both seemed to hold potential. As tabloid newspapers, they cost little to produce, and I could envision many advertisers eager to reach the marketplace of possible readers in the nation’s fourth largest urban area.


But the ladies unexpectedly stunned me with a more elaborate plan for my services. They had decided to invest thousands of dollars transforming these cost-effective little tabloids into full color, glossy magazines. Moreover, they planned to expand distribution of the racquetball publication across the southwestern states using the mail to send boxes of the magazines to racquetball and health clubs from Houston to Phoenix for members to grab from the front desks after play. 

Joyce envisioned a Sports Illustrated for racquetball” with coverage of major tournaments and profiles of top southwestern players, plus articles about health and exercise. I even suggested a column called “Ask the Podiatrist” since foot injuries often sidelined players. I later recruited a doctor to answer questions from readers, like a “Dear Abby” for racquetballers.

Although they decided to limit distribution of the home improvement journal to the Houston area, a glossy version of that one posed hurdles, too. For starters, Houston already had one glossy home and garden magazine of long-standing, so Ampersand’s rival version faced serious competition. Also, the costs of color photography loomed as a barrier to entry in this market. I knew that readers of a home improvement glossy would want to be dazzled by the photos, and those would not come cheap.

Initially, a couple of cliches popped into my brain. Are they biting off more than they can chew? Are they trying to run before they walk? I even voiced my concerns loudly enough that they wanted assurances I would work hard on the editorial front to make these magazines succeed. Another cliché took center stage in my brain. Unwilling to look a gift horse in the mouth, I agreed to collect my $1,500 per month and work my ass off to provide high quality editorial content. At the same time, I planned to work my ass off developing additional freelance writing contacts to provide alternate tracks when this Ampersand gravy train looked headed for a crash with the economic realities of the magazine marketplace, as I was certain it would someday in the future.

Joyce even helped get me started with that, referring me to one of her clients who managed creation of an in-house magazine for the employees of Houston’s largest bank. This client needed a freelance writer who could provide ideas for general interest stories to include in the monthly publication alongside news of promotions, birthday parties, updates on the dress codes and such. Beyond the $300 per article that this connection would provide, it also stimulated creation of a habit crucial to the next sixteen years as a freelancer: Maintenance of my Article Ideas Inventory.

The art of pitching article ideas to editors would prove as crucial to freelancing success before the Internet age as convincing editors to hire you for ideas they had developed on their own. The editor of this banking publication, for example, needed ideas as much as she needed a freelancer to produce a finished article. So, I continued with a process I had employed sporadically as a newspaper reporter. Every day I made a habit of writing down five new ideas for articles.

I had first heard about this process a few years before when reading a biography of the famous cartoonist Bill Mauldin, who never went to bed without first noting ideas for at least five new cartoons. At the end of each week, he reviewed his list. He said 60 percent of his ideas usually went into the trash. But usually he would find multiple ideas worth development in the week ahead.

For my idea inventory file, I relied on stimulation by everything from newspaper articles to television shows. Sometimes I would just ask myself an interesting question—like “What is life like for college football referees?”—and then jot that in my note pad. I also had kept an ideas journal as a newspaper reporter for those slow news days when stories had failed to fall into my lap.

In my first foray pitching at the bank publication, I pulled a couple of those unfinished newspaper ideas from an old notepad. For one, I suggested an article on collectors—Houstonians who maintain interesting and unusual collections as a hobby. A few years before, I had written a Houston Post article about a Houstonian who enjoyed a hobby of collecting historic political campaign buttons. So, I offered to build a larger story about collectors around him. Among the other unusual collections, I found an optometrist with a complete collection of glass eyeballs. (In 2019 I posted a copy of that article to this blog.)

I also pitched the idea of an article profiling a psychology professor at the University of Houston who had been an indispensable source for multiple articles at The Post. I had used Professor Richard Evans frequently as what I called a “Dr. Know-It-All” to explain


and analyze the motivations of people involved in certain news stories. We had even joked about his ability to sound authoritative and academic without having any direct research into the facts at hand. But Evans could usually provide comments citing arcane research reports or university experiments to bolster his observations.

My new editor at the banking publication flashed a green light on both ideas and they became the first real freelance articles in my career. Joyce even earned a fee for taking color photos of Dr. Know-It-All. I began to feel like a real entrepreneur—pitching ideas and getting paid.

But the bonanza from Ampersand proved just the first positive result from the three classified ads I had found at the start. I learned quickly that Houston held a bumper crop of publishing wannabes in need of my skills.

Second stop was the office of a wealthy real estate developer with an unusual assignment. He had made a bet with a rival developer that he could create a successful publishing company out of nothing. He had developed a list of topics for development into 15-page pamphlets he called “Best Bulletins” after the name of his newly incorporated enterprise, Best Publishing. He planned to advertise these bulletins for $3 apiece by mail order using classified ads in publications like The National Enquirer. Examples of his topics ran the gamut from “How to Get a Government Job” to “Sex, Single Parents and Happiness.”

Since I had experience with divorces as a two-time loser and no experience yet with sex as a single parent, I picked the topic titled “Divorce—How To Handle It” and began interviewing lawyers and psychiatrists to complete that pamphlet, which he published in 1981 after paying me a $300 fee when I met his deadline before the end of 1980. But he would never call with another assignment, so I concluded he failed to sell these bulletins. I didn’t pester him, however, because by then I had more work than I could handle.

My third stop resulted in a deal to write a book about an iconic Houstonian named Marvin Zindler. My interview from this ad for a writer led me to a photocopying shop in a Houston strip center where I met an older couple who further convinced me I possessed a more salable skill than I had realized. Before even interviewing me for their opportunity, they thanked me for answering their ad and said they didn’t know what they would do without me, based on my background and my previous experiences as a reporter already acquainted with Zindler. This couple had somehow convinced Zindler to join them in a book venture about his life story, which included his famous adventure seven years earlier in closing down what had become known as the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas—the historic Chicken Ranch brothel in La Grange, Texas.

Their deal with Zindler had occurred while Hollywood was preparing to release a movie version of a Broadway play based on Zindler’s 1973 crusade against the brothel as a flamboyant television reporter for Houston’s ABC-affiliate. They believed a book about Zindler could benefit from promotions on the movie, which became a big hit starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Although they never would be unable to publish the book, I would eventually publish it in 2012 on my own, and have included an explanation of the publishing venture in that book, I, the People: How Marvin Zindler Busted the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas for anyone who wants more details. For the purpose of this blog post, however, suffice it to say they paid me an advance of $1,000 to begin my research and writing on that book project in 1980.

So, thanks to the classified ads, my budding freelance business suddenly had multiple clients who could keep me busy on a full-time basis. That’s when I became even busier, adding another client destined to provide me with paying assignments for years to come and enhanced credibility in the freelance marketplace.

This new client would prove to be probably the most prominent of all, with my opportunity arising from a chance meeting with an old friend on a street in downtown Houston. We had worked together for many years at The Houston Post, but he was moving out of town. After a bit of chitchat, he asked me if I would consider succeeding him as a local stringer for Time magazine, where he had been moonlighting for a while. Time, of course, was the flagship of the Time-Life publishing empire, and I had been a regular reader since high school.

Although Time employed a full-time correspondent in Houston, the region generated too many potential news stories for one reporter to handle alone. Like his counterparts in other cities across the globe, the Houston correspondent supervised a small network of local reporters—called stringers—to provide the extra coverage on events as required from week to week. So, I dropped off a resume and received a call right away from Bob. Not only would I collect regular assignments and paychecks from Time for the next 15 years, but that connection also would prompt additional freelance work, including my appointment in 1983 as the first contract freelance correspondent for Time’s sister publication Money magazine.

Stringing for a colossus like Time involved a different writing process that requires an explanation. But my background offered the Time-Life empire a perfect servant for its needs in Houston. Instead of generating ideas for magazine feature stories, all I had to do for Time was answer the bell for gathering information. The only “writers” for Time-Life magazines worked at headquarters in New York City. Editors dispatched assignments to bureaus around the world directing them to reply under deadline with written files of information, rough drafts answering the questions listed in these queries. Correspondents and stringers would respond from their respective locations with files for the actual article writers to read.

Primarily, these writers wanted quotes from experts and witnesses to insert in their news stories. They placed no limit on the length of a file because they paid stringers an hourly rate of $12 back then—worth about $40 in 2021. I would maintain a written time log on my work interviewing sources as well as writing the file. Then I would submit the log each month for payment.

I realized quickly that Time in the 1980s did not care how many hours a stringer spent collecting information and compiling a file. Later I would often hear the running joke in the system that if Time HQ wanted details for a story on homelessness, for example, the editors hoped stringers would somehow succeed in interviewing every homeless person in America. I could submit a 10,000-word, 20-page file and earn hearty congratulations if one sentence from that file appeared in a completed Time magazine article.

But I had been doing this kind of work for more than a decade. I knew how to gather information and write first drafts understandable enough for a re-write reporter to use in a polished story. For many years as a courthouse reporter for newspapers, I had done exactly that verbally by telephone explaining events to a re-write desk collecting information from other reporters to combine in a single story. Moreover, I offered Time the luxury of availability. I wasn’t moonlighting while working at a newspaper. I was eager for daytime assignments and never had to refuse a query.

In addition, on the in-house political front, I posed no threat to the bureau chief as someone shooting for their job. I eventually would work for several chiefs during the next 15 years, and their personal ambitions in the Time-Life empire would prove helpful to me. A few years later, one in particular snapped immediately to my value in his bid to rise in the corporation. Because I could handle any kind of story, he started assigning me almost all the queries coming to Houston. This strategy gave him the time to work exclusively on the so-called big stories that would enhance his reputation within the empire while taking weeks to report—like the cover piece he compiled on the vaunted Texas Medical Center. At one point during this chief’s tenure, the Time-Life bureau secretary confided to me that New York had complained about me doing all the work for the bureau and wondered why they were paying him a big salary. But my checks always arrived on time and never bounced, so I was pleased to become as much of a fixture in the next 15 years for every arriving bureau chief as the office space, the desk and the secretary.

I don’t recall any specific Time assignments from those salad days of 1980 and 1981, but one example from 1985 may help illustrate the process. Stringers rarely received bylines, but occasionally the magazine would list their names as contributors on large stories. I received one of these tag lines for my contribution to a story on immigration reform under the headline “Finding Niches in a New Land.” The initial query from New York had requested a file from Houston with comments from immigration experts about the immigration law reform debate and examples of immigrants who had started new lives there. Identical queries had gone to bureaus in other big cities as well. Time’s finished article included a brief profile of a Vietnamese fisherman I interviewed in Houston as well as comments from a veteran immigration lawyer about the difficulties of passing immigration reform legislation. In those days before e-mail, I wrote my 20-page file on an electric typewriter and sent it to New York by hand-delivery to the Western Union office in downtown Houston, probably arriving there in the middle of the night with my two daughters asleep in the back seat of my 1980 Ford Bronco.

As a budding entrepreneur, I appeared off to a good start in the last half of 1980. I had contracts for regular work on several jobs. I even had a new business card identifying me as the Managing Editor of Southwest Racquetball. I felt so comfortable with my new business that I ordered another set of cards identifying me as a Freelance Journalist available for “Reporting-Editing-Writing-Consulting-Research.”

But my personal life remained in a bit of turmoil. My daughters contracted chicken pox in November, forcing us to quarantine for a couple of weeks. Their mother earned discharge from the hospital, however, and returned to her job, leaving her available to share our parental responsibilities and keep our daughters about half the time.

Meanwhile, my mother in St. Louis was dying of brain cancer—destined to die by March in 1981. I had secured a court order naming me the custodial parent for my two daughters and their mother had not contested it—yet. Despite her issues, she seemed capable of caring for our daughters and accepted my role as the parent in charge. I wanted visitation and other decisions to be as amicable as possible, hoping to avoid any confrontation that might trigger court action.

I enjoyed creating a frugal but cozy life for us in the two-bedroom apartment I had rented. Erin was doing well in Vanguard kindergarten, already learning multiplication tables. Many nights included helping with her homework. The pressures of single fatherhood most vividly emerged in my efforts to buy school clothes for her. She accepted the clothes I picked, then confided later that other children had ridiculed her. Although devastated, I learned I needed to take more care about the girlie things that seemed unimportant to me. More importantly, however, I noticed that she realized she had to become more assertive for herself. She never let me pick her clothes again, and throughout her life she’s always been one of the best dressed young ladies in her group. And, we had started working together to make a better life for the three of us, forming a partnership that would withstand the challenges of the years ahead. I was learning a lot about so much more than my writing.

Not yet three years old, Shannon appeared unfazed by the turmoil in her young life. But she did teach me some things. When we first set up the new apartment, for example, I turned on the TV and asked her to pick something. But Shannon lost me when she started screaming “Spider-man.” I couldn’t find Spider-man anywhere in the newspaper guide. Erin started laughing and said, “It’s a character on The Electric Company.” Oh, that show. I found it just as Spidie popped onto the screen. Shannon sat on the floor and focused on the show. I clearly had a lot to learn.

Besides juggling my business launch with the challenges of single parenthood and the threat of a legal custody quagmire, I also was trying to navigate the opportunities emerging in adult relationships. I had a serious girlfriend earlier in the year who now wanted to help. And, two weeks after I had resigned from the newspaper, I received a phone call from a woman who worked as a teller where I banked. I vaguely remembered her as an attractive blonde I barely knew. She noted that she hadn’t seen me depositing my Post paycheck in a while and admitted researching my change of address. She wondered if I was having “problems.” Rather than express irritation at being stalked by my bank teller, I gave her an update. She offered to provide “comfort” if I needed it. Thus began an on-and-off relationship destined to continue for three or four years.

Another opportunity arose when I left my brief employment as a lunch waiter at the seafood restaurant. While there I had become friends with the lunchtime bar maid, a twenty-something college student curious about journalism. With my ex-wife scheduled to keep our daughters one night, I invited the bar maid to dinner at a pub. Rather than leading to a serious relationship, however, our date would prove to be a milestone turning point in my outlook toward multi-tasking parenthood with freelance writing. Back at her apartment after dinner, I awoke about three in the morning to the sound of her washing machine in operation. She said she couldn’t sleep, so decided to do some laundry before morning. Spooked about the image of an unfamiliar female wandering around while I slept, I excused myself and left.

But I found a more disturbing development upon the return to my apartment. My ex-wife called to tell me that Erin had been harassed by a strange man while walking the two blocks from her bus stop to the church near my apartment providing after school daycare. Sensing an edge in our custody debate, she had called the police and filed a report. Then she scolded me for being “out of touch,” demanding I consider other educational options. But I devised my own solution. I approached the single woman who lived in the apartment above us and offered to pay her nine-year-old son five dollars per week to walk Erin from the bus stop to the daycare. He enjoyed the money and seemed to revel in his new role as a security detail for my daughter.

At the same time, I realized I needed to become less cavalier about my bachelorhood. I could only juggle so many balls at once, and girlfriends seemed to be the most expendable. So, when my most serious former girlfriend called me one night from a bar asking again to help with my children, I told her I just needed to concentrate on fatherhood and freelancing for a while. She said she understood.   

Realizing the girls had to be uncertain and frightened about their lives, I vowed to provide as much stability as possible while fumbling around with the launch of a freelance business. One question kept running through my mind: Can I really make this work?

I would finish 1980 with freelance earnings of only $3,700 (worth $12,000 in 2021) while developing that initial client base in the last four months of the year. My tax records show I had made $18,825 from The Houston Post before leaving in August. Thus, I would have made $32,271 had I stayed there for the year versus $22,525 for The Post plus freelance in 1980. Freelancing for the whole year in 1981, I would generate $19,687 in fees and increase that income the next year to $31,102.

Annual income from freelancing would never fall below $33,000 during the next 15 years of my freelancing career, as I refined my business model based on the opportunities I had seen emerge in the beginning. I find it instructive to note that $33,000 in 1985 would be worth about $84,000 in 2021.

Next in Part Two: From Unemployment to Credible Magazine Writing

Tuesday, February 12, 2019

Psychology of Heroism


We toss around the word “hero” a little too freely, I believe, but that’s still OK.

I‘ve always reserved the accolade for a narrower group of people, as explained in this feature article I wrote for publication in the February 1986 edition of Southwest Airlines’ Spirit Magazine. In my research, I interviewed and profiled five different people who had won acclaim for the rescue of strangers at great risk to themselves. I also reviewed academic papers on what’s called “The Heroic Act” to provide some psychological context to their adventures.

In my research, I relied heavily on information from the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission, a group founded in 1904 for recognition of heroics from a coal mining disaster. For more information about the Carnegie Hero Fund and its awards, visit the website.

Although these exploits occurred more than three decades ago, I believe the psychology and motivations boast universal elements relevant today. I made a cursory effort to locate the five people profiled here, but found no clues for additional interview opportunities. If anyone reading this blog has updated information about any of them, I’d encourage you to provide that with a comment.

These Southwesterners risked their lives for strangers. Why? What makes a hero?

For eighteen-year-old Kim Carnes, the nightmare began with the bloodcurdling realization that might accompany any young urban female’s solitary late-night trek to a grocery. As she entered the store at about 1:30 a.m., she noticed a suspicious man sitting in his car on the lot, perched like an owl awaiting prey. Emerging moments later with a container of ice cream, she hustled past his car, which now sat empty where it had been parked. She climbed behind the wheel of her car, placed the key in the ignition and glanced from habit into the rearview mirror. Her heart stopped when she saw his face returning her glance.

He seized control, pushing her onto the passenger seat and crawling behind the wheel. Frozen in terror, she watched him start the car and felt it begin to race across the parking lot. Her mind slowly started playing out her fears, predicting the immediate future, and almost involuntarily she began to whimper like a pup being dragged to a whipping. She closed her eyes, took a deep breath and wished for someone to help her.

Just then she was shaken back to the moment by the roar of a motorcycle pulling alongside her car. She heard a grinding crash as metal and rubber smashed to the blacktop. A man was actually climbing through her opened sunroof, clawing for a hold as the car picked up speed. Suddenly he dropped into the driver’s seat, wedging himself between the wheel and her assailant. The car swerved while fists rained down on the kidnapper’s face in a pounding so violent it would snap the seat from the hinges.

As quickly as the adventure began it had ended. Her car slammed to a stop in a ditch. Soon the parking lot filled with police cars, their lights flashing and their radios barking in the night. Her assailant lay on the blacktop, hands cuffed behind his back. Only later did she learn that he worked as a butcher. She could only imagine the horror that had been prevented by the hero who raced into her life on a Suzuki 750.

Kim Carnes’ adventure occurred four-and-a-half years ago one summer night in Houston, but it could have happened anytime, anywhere in metropolitan America. Indeed, on that same night—July 2, 1981—similar nightmares undoubtedly haunted many other young women who were wishing for their own hero. It would be hard to convince Kim Carnes that the term hero is an obsolete part of our vocabulary. For her, hero means a young man named Jim Dickson.

Later dubbed “Superman III” for his parking lot rescue, Dickson, then 25, won acclaim for his exploit. He recreated the acrobatics for That’s Incredible and the National Enquirer. He appeared on talk shows as a crime-fighting expert, accepted a call from Ronald Reagan and even tossed out the first pitch at an Astros game. And then he blended back into the ranks of the nameless, his moment in the spotlight coming to an end.

Dickson is hardly unique. Contrary to popular laments, the hero maintains a strong presence in American culture. In 1982 alone—the year after Dickson’s dramatic feat—the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission recognized 97 individuals for similarly daring acts of rescue. And Dickson was not even among them.

Sure, the Information Age has neutralized the hero’s impact. Picture Davy Crockett’s image if we’d had network television and Mike Wallace to dissect his financial dealings in the days of the Texas Revolution. Nonetheless, heroes continue to capture our hearts with their sacrifice and our imaginations with their adventures. But questions remain.

Who are these people and what becomes of them? Do they share a common trait, a characteristic powerful enough to motivate them to action where others might cower in silence? How do they handle the fleeting fame, with its often blinding momentary glare and its unavoidably short span of attention? What message is stamped on their psyches, what changes wrought on the reflections they see in the mirror? And what can we learn about ourselves from understanding the answers those questions inspire?

We can find plenty of heroes right here in the Southwest to help find the answers. Too many times we’ve let them shrug their shoulders and retreat with the humble façade that ranks as one common mask among these folks who often react out of shyness itself. Before meeting a few of our regional heroes, however, academics can offer their results on the subject.

Who’s a hero? To a suffering cancer patient, the hospital volunteer is no less a hero than the firefighter who pulls a child from a burning building. But neither has performed what academics label “The Heroic Act.” The candy striper hasn’t risked her life and the firefighter gets paid to be a hero. For behavioral scientists, the heroic act has narrow boundaries. The person rescued must be a stranger. And the hero must risk the ultimate sacrifice, acting not for money but from some mysterious well of humanitarianism.

“What is it, we ask, which is missing or which has failed in most people that they seem to look on anesthetically—awake, possibly annoyed, but without agony—at the destruction done to others?” asked Jack Markowitz in his 1973 book A Walk on the Crust of Hell. Determined to find the answer, Markowitz tracked the personal stories of numerous Carnegie medalists and reviewed the research of scientists. He discovered some common traits and some plausible explanations.

One enlightening experiment from the sixties resulted in the term diffusion of responsibility and a formula for situations that might prompt a heroic act. Researchers placed 72 volunteer subjects in a laboratory of isolated offices with orders to await further instructions. Some subjects were gathered in groups of six, some were paired, and others sat alone. Suddenly a voice on the intercom begged for help—a researcher feigning crisis so the experimenters could observe their subjects’ reactions. Of the students seated alone, 85 percent moved in less than a minute to offer help. But volunteers in groups of six listened an average of 166 seconds while the alleged victim babbled for help—and then only 31 percent moved to the rescue.

The conclusions? The more bystanders there are to an emergency, the slower anyone will move to help. Witnesses who are standing alone realize they’ll later have only themselves to blame for inaction. As a group, however, they can share that guilt. The researchers noted that all their subjects suffered sweaty palms and asked anxious questions about the victim’s condition. The subjects who failed to help did not lack concern. They were merely undecided, locked between two alternatives and unable to act.

Decisiveness seems to play a key role, and the University of Pittsburgh’s Martin Greenburg has noted that the decision-making process involved a quick review of options with consequences. The hero is a quick thinker who can balance the cost of inaction against the risk of getting involved. The person with a high sense of self-esteem would instinctively realize that the guilt for inaction could prove a burden for life.

But decisiveness alone does not explain the personality traits that produce a hero. At the University of Southern California, researchers analyzed the personalities of 27 immigrants who had helped European Jews pursued by the Nazis during World War II. They pinpointed three specific characteristics displayed by all. Each had a spirit of adventure. Each admitted an intense identification with one or both parents as a model of moral conduct. And they all confessed a sense of being “socially marginal,” seeing themselves as people who had never really fit with their peers.

Records indicate that the so-called socially marginal account for a fair share of heroic acts. Immigrants, minorities, the very poor and even convicts have learned that a daring rescue can be one way to win acceptance or prove their loyalty. That image of the hero as a brooding loner appears to have much basis in fact.

Other studies have discovered a correlation between good deeds and good fortune. Researchers planted change in a public telephone booth, let a subject find it and then staged a “victim” dropping books on the sidewalk outside. Their subjects proved more willing to help after retrieving the coins than before.

There has also been evidence that rescuers experience great feelings of power. Some have reported feeling the strength of 10 during a heroic act. Perhaps it’s a motivating factor—some need to demonstrate pride and control.

Of what are heroes made? Undoubtedly every hero has one of more the ingredients mentioned above. But it’s equally certain they boast some more intangible assets. After observing the heroic act in more than 2,300 documented cases, the late Thomas S. Arbuthnot, president of the Carnegie Hero Fund, threw up his arms in 1935 to offer his view: “The commission is forced to the conclusion that it is not the individual altogether but the inspired moment that accounts for the deed. Perhaps all of us are eligible for acts of heroism if the spark comes at the right time to set aglow the impulse. Heroism is not made; some tragedy finds it out. Like gold, it is uncovered.”

Here’s a look at five regional individuals who uncovered that spark and learned they had the ingredients to create a hero.

Jim Dickson: Superman on a Suzuki
Although he hasn’t received the Carnegie Medal, Jim Dickson is one of the most heralded Texas heroes of recent memory. His acrobatics in the rescue of Kim Carnes have been re-created on That’s Incredible and in the National Enquirer. A former all-state defensive end who can bench press 380 pounds, Dickson stands six-foot-two, weighs 205 pounds and ran the 100-yard dash in 10 seconds as a prep athlete. He’s hardly the kind of guy you’d want standing around when you decide to do something mean and violent.

While formidable, Dickson’s physical qualifications for a heroic act pale compared to the emotional background he brought to the moment. Born March 8, 1956, in Beaumont, Dickson developed a spirit of alienation at age 14 when his parents divorced. Recalling that event as the “end of the world,” Dickson ran away to live with a neighbor. Son of a wealthy architect, he never wanted for anything except a normal home. He vented his teen rage on the football field and later in bars where he became an accomplished fighter. With a tone of self-confidence rather than boastfulness, he says: “I’ve never started a fight and I’ve never lost one, either.”

Dickson graduated from a military academy in Bryan and attended college in Oklahoma on a football scholarship. He transferred to Lamar University in Beaumont, then dropped out to sell insurance, moving to Houston in 1979 as a salesman for elementary school fundraising projects.

“It was the main thing that ever happened to me,” recalls Dickson of his rescue. In recounting the event he speaks of himself in the third person, as if he were not really in control but were instead just watching. It was unusual for Dickson to have been on hand in the first place. Moonlighting as a nightclub bouncer, Dickson had left work early because his girlfriend became ill. Instead of visiting Denny’s for coffee—their normal routine—they decided to stop at the grocery and fix something at home: “Something else was controlling this thing.”

Anger played only a small role in his reaction. He recalls feeling great waves of sympathy for Carnes: “I always told myself I’d look out for Number One, but I could see something was going on. My sister was raped about eight years ago. It was pretty violent. And that was going through my mind. It helped me to focus on the girl.”

While the police told Dickson he’d hear no more about the incident, his phone started ringing the next day. Local news accounts catapulted him into the national limelight, and, he admits, the attention went to his head. He entertained dreams of a movie career. Then, about six months later, he realized his moment had passed.

“People just quit calling and they didn’t get excited about it. I felt like a has-been,” says Dickson, who compares the subsequent depression with his blues about totaling a car. But his case of postpartum didn’t last. Successfully running his own fund-raising projects business from a condo in Southwest Houston, Dickson today credits his adventure with a lasting impact.

"I read” stories about heroes and I feel like a comrade,” he says. “I know what they went through. I was able to do this because I had the athletic ability and wasn’t afraid of physical confrontation. But when I look in the mirror, I see a man who is now able to go through life with all the confidence in the world. I guess I’m just not able to be ashamed of anything I’ve ever done in my life. I feel like I’m good enough to be in anyone’s presence.”

Gary Lane Parker: The Texas Wild Man
To bystanders at Stillhouse Hollow Reservoir, the scene must have looked as if someone had stolen the script from an old silent film. It was Easter Sunday, 1978, and a bizarre tragedy was unfolding. About 250 yards off the lake’s northwest shore, a 16-foot fiberglass ski boat was spinning wildly in a clockwise circle, the steering wheel locked and its driver drowned beneath the water’s surface. Still aboard sat a 16-month-old child. His mother and infant brother had been pulled from the lake by onlookers who were trying to lasso the boat’s propellers and save the child. Realizing the futility of their attempts, they threw up their hands and began wondering aloud how long it would be before the boat would claim another victim. That’s when a 25-year-old Killeen auto mechanic stepped forward.

“You’re crazy,” yelled someone in the crowd as Gary Lane Parker explained his plan to a boat owner named John Runyan. Parker wanted Runyan to act as a “chauffeur,” roaring out to the ski boat in his craft, drawing close and allowing Parker to leap on board. One misstep could easily send Parker into the runaway propellers or wreck both boats. But Runyan agreed to try. After watching the runaway for several minutes to chart its circular course, they set out with Parker perched on the bow.

With both boats shooting across the water at 40 miles an hour, Parker leaped the eight-foot chasm that separated him from the bawling child. He grabbed hold, slipped for a moment, then hoisted himself on board to kill the ignition.

To those on shore watching this deep-water rodeo, Parker’s heroics must have seemed an incredible act of courage. Indeed, it proved impressive enough to bring Parker the coveted Carnegie Hero medal and a whole parade of local honors. But any review of Parker’s background will reveal a man ideally prepared for the death defiance at Stillhouse Hollow Reservoir.

Born June 8, 1952, in Temple, he was an only child who excelled at the high jump and pole vault as a junior high athlete. Parker practiced his leaping at home hurdling barbed-wire fences for fun until he discovered a more exciting outlet for those energies: the motocross. He spent two years racing professionally and once finished tenth in an event at the Astrodome. Parker says he earned his circuit nickname—“Wild Man from Texas”—with his motocross style: “I liked to ride fast and out of control.”

He recalls feeling so confident and powerful in his rescue attempt that his only concern centered on Runyan: “I didn’t even know him. But I knew I could get in that boat. There was just no doubt in my mind. I had the aggressiveness to go for it. It was like racing cycles or pole vaulting.”

Physical ability is one thing, motivation another. Parker had both. He recalled his grandfather in Central Texas teaching him about animals: “He was always catching some bobcat and putting it in a pen if it had been hurt. I was brought up to respect elders and open the door for ladies.”

Now divorced and employed as an electronics mechanic at Fort Hood, the six-foot-two Parker says the heroic act has left a positive mark on him, too.

“It made me more sure of myself,” says Parker. “I was given an opportunity and I proved myself. Not everyone gets that chance.”

Deborah Gloston: An American Tragedy
Of all recent tales of regional heroism, the most touching might belong to Galveston’s Deborah Gloston. She comes the closest in showing how far a person can go to rescue another.

In 1980 she prevented three small children from an ugly death beneath the grinding wheels of a runaway car, taking the blow herself. Disabled from the injuries, the 35-year-old woman lives with her own children down the block from the family that counts her as a savior. In 1982, she became a recipient of the Carnegie Medal for heroism.

“I couldn’t stand the thought of nobody (sic) getting hurt, especially my kids,” she says, apologizing for small gaps in her memory. “When they told me I got hit by a car keeping three kids from being killed, I felt good. I’m still thanking God for giving me my life back.”

Gloston’s ordeal began at about 3:00 p.m. December 2, 1980, when she reported for duty at the Galveston grade school where she earned $82.50 every two weeks as a crossing guard. Juan Cantu watched that afternoon as Gloston led his son and two other children across an intersection. A pickup truck collided with an auto and it zipped out of control.

“The crossing guard was standing on the corner of the sidewalk and had one of three children by the hand,” recalled Cantu. “When she saw that the car was going to hit them, she pushed the kids to one side and then she got hit by the car. I have no doubt if she wouldn’t have shoved the children out of the way, my son would have been killed. I’ll never forget what that woman did. Never.”

Her skull fractured and her power of speech temporarily lost, Gloston lay unconscious for three weeks. The school district admitted she had no coverage under its employee insurance plan, but the community rallied to her aid. Well-wishers established a relief fund to help pay the $70,000 medical bills, and the National Enquirer generated more donations. A lawsuit from the wreck failed to help because the driver at fault was employed by a company going bankrupt. A small settlement, donations and disability now pay her bills. On paper, she’s come out even. But physically it appears she’ll be burdened the rest of her life.

Nevertheless, she voices no anger and very little fear. Her voice reflects a certain air of confidence that could be born only of the knowledge that she had passed a special kind of test.

“I guess,” she says in explanation, “it was just my love for people. Especially kids. They’re so innocent. I’d do it again.”

Tommie McClure: No Mercy for the Bullies
When Dallas wrecker driver Tommie McClure was growing up in Marshall, an uncle devised a way to make him tougher than the other kids.

“I always had to fight back,” recalls the 38-year-old McClure. “I don’t guess I ever had any fear. But I lived with my grandparents and I had an uncle who was kind of crazy. He’d get other kids to jump on me when I was little just to make me fight back. I didn’t like to hurt anybody. He was just doing it to make me tough.”

That the strategy worked became apparent in October 1981 when McClure and his partner paused at a service station during a night of repossessing autos. A woman in her fifties leaped from another car, hysterically crying for help. The man in the car pulled her back inside and roared off.

“Angry?” asks McClure in puzzlement about his emotion at the moment. “You bet I was angry. I was mad about someone who would take advantage of a person like that. I just wanted to tear his head off. It reminded me of the time some bullies started throwing rocks at me and some other kids. I met one of them halfway down the hill and whipped him good.”

This time he tore down the highway in his wrecker, joining a chase that reached speeds beyond 100 miles per hour. He curbed the fleeing car and watched the driver lock the doors. Grabbing a hydraulic jack, McClure pounded on the windows until the man agreed to surrender. He wired the man’s hands with electric cord, loaded him onto the wrecker and hoisted the car for a tow. He learned that the woman had been raped and the car belonged to her.

It should come as no surprise that McClure has been making his own way for quite some time. He dropped out of school and left home at age 15, landing work as a laborer.

“I’ve had lots of fights,” says McClure. “But I’ve never been a bully. I always took up for the little ones. I just don’t like bigger people jumping on the little ones.”

Melody Richardson: Mom to the Rescue
When two men staged a traffic accident last February, intentionally ramming a car on a street in Houston’s West University Place, they expected to have an easy time robbing and beating the 70-year-old woman who was driving it. Under the guise of exchanging insurance information, they grabbed her and pulled her into their car to drive away. But they hadn’t counted on a neighborhood homemaker foiling their plans. In fact, Melody Richardson would have seemed to anyone an unlikely candidate for the heroic act that afternoon, burdened as she was with the presence of her 11-year-old son and three-year-old daughter.

“I felt morally obligated,” says the 36-year-old banker’s wife of her reaction upon witnessing the incident. She figured the assailants had guns. While her son, Bryan, urged her forward, Richardson stepped on the gas and began honking her horn. She trailed the fleeing auto as it sped through the affluent residential suburbs south of Houston’s bustling downtown.

“I guess I’m just a fast thinker,” she says. “One of them kept looking back at me. But I thought, if I just keep chasing them and honking, someone will have to come.”

Someone finally did—a Southside Place police officer, who was forced to shoot one of the men in the head after he tried hitting the officer with the door of the car. The pair were stripped on their pistols and taken to jail. The victim offered a tearful thanks to her rescuer.

Richardson, like her heroic counterparts, admits a strong moral identification with a parent, in this case, her father: “I thought he was perfect.” An Oklahoma native, she was the only daughter among four children born to the factory manager. She describes herself as an independent thinker who often sets herself apart from any one particular group. And she acknowledges an adventuresome spirit, saying, “I like adventures at lot. I’m really curious about a lot of things.”

She maintains a relationship with the woman she saved. And she enjoys being part of a subculture that will continue to offer for many of us an example by which to live. How could she place herself and her children in danger to save a stranger? Her simple answer is an explanation for them all:

“Something horrible might have happened if I hadn’t.”